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Modeling of Marine Ecosystems: Experience, Modern Approaches, Directions of Development (Review). Part 2. Population and Trophodynamic Models
MODELING OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: EXPERIENCE, MODERN APPROACHES, DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT (REVIEW). PART 2. POPULATION AND TROPHODYNAMIC MODELS
Berdnikov Sergey , Selyutin Viktor , Surkov Fedor , Tyutyunov Yuri
Purpose. The paper presents the second part of the publications review devoted to the problems of marine ecosystem modeling. In this part, the major attention is paid to modern approaches to the management of marine biological resources which implement the ecosystem principles of modeling and monitoring the spatial-temporal dynamics of water objects. Methods and Results. The review consists of three sections. The first one deals with the models for forecasting dynamics of the exploited populations and for optimizing fishery. The second section considers the trophodynamic models used to study the structure, productivity and functional role of marine biota interacting with other species and environment at various trophic levels. The trophodynamic models are often applied both for assessing the impact of fishery on marine ecosystems, and for analyzing the influence of the factors directly or indirectly related to climatic variability and anthropogenic activity (eutrophication, salinity, environmental changes). The third section of the review is devoted to a relatively recent direction in marine ecosystem modeling which is based on the geo-information systems. Onrush of the geo-information technologies permitting to connect the data both of the field observations and simulations with their geolocation had an impact on the achievements in the field of ecological modeling. Conclusions. In the coming years, the role of mathematical modeling in study and management of marine ecosystems will grow. The most important areas of research seem to be as follows: perfection of model description of primary links in the marine ecosystem food webs (NPZD-models); the flows of matter and energy in the marine food chains; eutrophication and oxygen regime in the sea bays; distribution and transformations of pollutants, and their impact on ecosystems; functioning of marine reserves; the means of taking into account climatic factors in the ecosystem models; and application of space monitoring data for identifying and verifying the ecosystem individual components (chlorophyll, oil slicks, suspensions).
Mean Long-Term Seasonal Variability of the Coastal Current at the Crimea Southern Coast in 2002–2020
MEAN LONG-TERM SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF THE COASTAL CURRENT AT THE CRIMEA SOUTHERN COAST IN 2002–2020
Kuznetsov Andrey
Purpose. The study is aimed at systematizing a new scientific knowledge on the regime, regularities and features of seasonal water circulation in the Black Sea coastal zone, i.e. in the dynamically active area near the Southern coast of Crimea. The data for the past decade were obtained in course of a longterm in situ experiment. Methods and Results. The presented results were obtained by means of complex processing and analyzing the data on the currents monitored at the Black Sea hydrophysical sub-satellite test site of Marine Hydrophysical Institute of RAS in 2002–2020. Instrumental measurements were performed by a cluster of the autonomous Euler current meters using a verified monitoring information technology from a stationary oceanographic platform in the deep sea at a distance 0.5 km from the coast. The information of the generated long-term currents monitoring database has been confirmed by the metrological control of measurements quality and has got state registration. In the coastal zone, parameters of the alongcoastal current directed to the west-south-west were studied at the average (for 19 years) flow velocity 8.1 cm/s which was maximal in the near-surface layer. When the eddy-wave oscillations propagate near the coast, the elliptical orbital circulation is transformed into a system of the along-coastal reciprocal water oscillations of the corresponding scales which are collinear to the existing coastal current. The existence of a bimodal distribution of occurrence frequency of the along-coastal current direction depends on intensity of contribution of the eddy-wave disturbances to water circulation. The bimodal structure of a current arises at such modulus values of the perturbation orbital velocities that exceed the one of the velocity vector of the monomodal along-coastal current. Conclusions. Based on the results of spectral analysis, the energy contribution of the coastal water different-scale fluctuations to variability of the stationary along-coastal current near the Cape Kikineiz was systematized. Analysis of the long-term average frequency spectra of distribution of the kinetic energy density of water oscillations in the coastal ecotone permitted to identify statistically reliably the intense seasonal current fluctuations for an annual period, as well as the fluctuations near the second and third annual harmonics. It is shown that large-scale variability of the quasi-stationary coastal current is controlled by water dynamics in the shelf-slope zone of the Black Sea, whereas on smaller scales, it is affected by influence of the local wind conditions.
Features of the Stokes Drift in the Northeastern Coastal Zone of the Black Sea from Modelling Results
FEATURES OF THE STOKES DRIFT IN THE NORTHEASTERN COASTAL ZONE OF THE BLACK SEA FROM MODELLING RESULTS
Divinsky Boris , Kuklev Sergey , Ocherednik Vladimir , Kukleva Olga
The Stokes drift generated by surface waves affects many physical processes occurring in the coastal zone of the sea, including heat and salt transport, as well as transport of pollutants. Taking into account the parameters of sea currents caused by the Stokes drift is important for a more correct description of the general hydrodynamic structure of coastal waters. Moreover, sea currents generated by surface waves make a significant contribution to the processes of accumulation and redistribution of pollutants in the coastal zone of the sea. The article presents the results of the study of the Stokes drift on the northeastern shelf of the Black Sea near Gelendzhik for the period from 2003 to 2022. Seasonal and interannual features of variability of Stokes current velocities and directions have been identified. It has been shown that from December to April, excluding February, the Stokes transport has comparable repeatability in directions towards the coast, away from the coast, and towards the northwest. In February, the main flow tends to the open sea. In May and June, the repeatability of currents towards the coastline increases significantly, with the contribution of currents to the southeast increasing at the beginning of summer. In July, the currents directed to the southeast and away from the coast become almost identical in terms of repeatability. From August to November, the proportion of currents directed away from the coast increases with a gradual decrease in the repeatability of currents towards the southeast. In multi-year terms, the flow directed away from the coast to the open sea prevails (repeatability of 34.3%). The same flow has the highest mean velocity (0.053 m/s). Repeatability of the long-shore currents directed towards the southeast and northwest is almost the same, but the currents towards the northwest are much more intense.
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